Тенденції розвитку фондових ринків у контексті світової інтеграції. Деякі негативні аспекти світової інтеграції. Моніторинг ринку праці при трансформації ринкової економіки, страница 9

The countries that are currently entering the EC are also required to promote the utili­zation of RES, but, unlike the EC member-countries, do not have high specific targets. The major reason is that in most cases the electricity produced from RES is more expensive.

The goal of this research project is to assess the costs of Ukraine connected with the increase of the share of electricity produced from RES in accordance with the EU requirements, Ukrainian energy legislation, which is undergoing revisions to comply with the EU requirements, as well as with national programs.

The Ukrainian legal framework, which the author will be referring to, comprises the following documents:

the Law of Ukraine ‘On Electricity’;

the Law of Ukraine ‘On Alternative Energy Sources’;

National Energy Program of Ukraine;

Program of Government Support of Development of Non-Traditional and Alterna­tive Energy Sources, and Small-Hydro and Heat Energy, other documents.

Table

Reference Values for Member-Countries’ National Indicative Targets for the Contribution of Electricity Produced from RES to Gross Electricity Consumption by 2010 [1]

The cost estimation is based on an energy flow model. This model is an energy chain, where the primary energy level is represented by resources, the final level is the electricity demand, and the energy flow between the levels is performed by conversion technologies. This model will be estimated with Message 5.0 software package (Message) provided by the International Atomic Energy Agency.

Message is a tool for linear, as well as non-linear optimization. The program opti­mi­zes the value of the objective function subject to a set of constraints. In the given case the objective function is the cost function, which will be minimized, and the constraints are:

total demand for electricity by Ukrainian economy;

technological constraints;

budget constraint;

environmental constraints.

The main principles of such an optimization are as follows.

All the costs are optimal from the position of the social planner (e. g. the state as a sole investor). The decision, which is optimal for the economy, may not be optimal for the development of particular sectors, regions etc.

The major source of interest is the cost function; neither profit nor normal returns for the investor are considered. The solution represents the minimal amount of money, which is necessary to spend on satisfying the demand for electricity.

The research and development costs are not considered, unless they are built in the investment cost of a technology. The costs connected with decommissioning of nuclear power plants are not considered too.

The social costs, e. g. loss of employment for the personnel of outdated power stations, are not considered.

The technologies are constant in the sense they do not change in the course of time.