Urban Transport Strategy. Management in Developing Countries John A Cracknell, страница 99

§  must be set within a traffic policy and thus enables "measures of effectiveness" to be defined and the extent of each intervention to be planned §          must be set within a defined road hierarchy.

However, Annex B Annex B summarises the objectives, characteristics of common types of traffic management measure in terms of rationale, issues, the general experience and conclusions in developing cities and Bank projects.  The categories used are:

§  On-Street Parking Management and Control

§  Bus Priority

§  Traffic Signals and “Area Traffic Control”

§  Traffic Management for Trucks (Commercial Vehicles)

§  Pedestrians and “Public Space Management” (see also Chapter 7 – Traffic Management and Poverty)

§  Non Motorised Transport (NMT) (see also Chapter 7 – Traffic Management and Poverty)

§  Road Signs and Markings

§  Traffic Capacity Improvements at Junctions

§  Enforcement of Traffic Regulations (see also Chapter 5 – Training and Human Resources)

§  Environmental Components of Traffic Management- Traffic Calming

On-Street Parking Management and Control

Rationale and Objectives - Managing stationary vehicles is as important as managing moving vehicles. Illegal or inconsiderate kerbside parking and/or stopping of vehicles:

§  obstructs traffic flow and causes congestion; this is a particular problem for buses which are often severely affected by illegal and indiscriminate kerbside parking; and

§  can be a safety hazard particularly to pedestrians and NMT when parking on footways forces pedestrians into the road with consequent safety and congestion problems.

Traffic management is first concerned with on-street parking.  However, a comprehensive parking policy is needed in any city and should deal with (i) on street parking, (ii) off street publicly available parking, (iii) non-residential off street parking (such as for shops, offices etc) and (iv) residential parking.  The control of all categories of off street parking requires broader planning instruments and longer timescales than are usually employed in “basic traffic management” and the role of comprehensive parking controls in “Demand Management” is discussed in Chapter 9).

Objectives - the objectives of an on-street parking policy are to:

§  maintain traffic flow by ensuring that moving traffic is not obstructed by stationary vehicles;

§  improve the safety and quality of the traffic system by controlling hazardous and inconsiderate parking such as on footways;

§  provide for essential servicing of frontages premises, business etc; and

§  make some contribution to demand management by targeting controls and charges on certain areas and on certain vehicle users (“car commuting” - see Chapter 9 Demand Management).

Types of Intervention – the general case for street parking policies was set out in the Bank Policy Study “Urban Transport” in 1986 and remains largely unchanged.  There is a wide range of measures which may be considered to implement on-street parking controls and the possible measures, and their advantages and disadvantages, are: