Urban Transport Strategy. Management in Developing Countries John A Cracknell, страница 21

g)  Safety – improve the safety and security of the transport system, particularly the road based transport system;

h)  Financing – adopt innovative policies for financing transport including involvement of the private sector participation in the supply and operation of transport services, by realistic road user charges (see “demand management” above) and by realistic public transport fares systems; and

i)  Land Use-Transport Planning and Integration – improve general city planning, in particular the integration between transport and land use and social and economic activities.

2.3          Objectives of traffic management

2.3.1.      Traffic and demand management is just one element, although an important element, in an integrated transport strategy.  In broad terms, the goal of urban traffic management is to make the most productive use of existing (road based) transport system resources. Traffic management seeks to adjust, adapt, manage and improve the existing transport system to meet specified objectives without resorting to substantial new road construction.  Thus, the rationale for traffic management may be stated as:

a)  maximise efficiency of existing traffic-transport facilities and systems.  This will be achieved by providing for, and improving, the movement of people and goods and not necessarily vehicles and may involve management of road traffic demand;

b)  defer capital expenditure to the time when it is most needed or is inevitable;

c)  make immediate improvements in road and road based public transport travel conditions;

d)  provide time to develop longer term policies-measures and to seek appropriate finance;

e)  improve quality of road based public transport system and to at least slow, and preferably reverse, mode shift towards use of private cars;

f)  improve safety of traffic systems; and

g)  contribute to a reduction in the adverse impact of road traffic on the city environment.

2.3.2.      Traffic management objectives are a summarised a re-statement of the rationale:

Traffic management aims to provide for the short range traffic and transport needs of an urban area by:

making most efficient use of traffic-transport facilities and systems by improving the movement of people and goods and not necessarily vehicles and by managing demand for road based travel; improving the quality and safety of the traffic and transport system; contributing to the improvement of the traffic related environment.

2.4         Conflicts between measures

2.4.1.      In developing traffic management policies or measures, it is most unlikely that all objectives can be fully met for all users of the transport system; there are likely to be conflicts between measures.  For example, the extent of priority given to pedestrians may conflict with increases in capacity for vehicles^[4] or pedestrian crossings introduced for safety may conflict with traffic flow efficiency or pedestrian streets may adversely affect bus operations or bus priority may adversely affect truck circulation or the extent to which road space is reallocated away from cars to buses for bus priority may impose restraint on private vehicles.  An integrated traffic management scheme will require a balance to be struck and compromises made between the competing objectives of the various user of the road and traffic system.

2.4.2.      The balance will vary from city-to-city and will be dependent on the policy objectives of the city, the traffic and transport problems and opportunities for improvement.  An integrated and balanced scheme or policy will be developed by application of standard planning procedures.  It is not the function of this Review to define procedures in detail but a systematic process is a necessary and integral part of the planning and design of schemes, namely, by (i) ensuring that objectives of the strategy are clearly defined at the outset, (ii) selecting “measures of effectiveness” (impacts) which will demonstrate the attainment of the objectives and (iii) systematic planning and evaluation of alternatives to determine the optimum mix of policies and measures to meet provide the optimum impacts; the procedures are summarised as follows: