Urban Transport Strategy. Management in Developing Countries John A Cracknell, страница 38

4.5.3.      Contracting out of traffic management may be possible on a wider basis.  A term consultancy contract may be devised for conduct of significant elements of the traffic management process – for example, to manage a large element of the traffic management work of a city although “the executive must remain, and be seen to remain, responsible and accountable for those functions….”^[9] This process may reduce the need for a large trained staff at the city level although this does not remove the need for a trained core of staff determine traffic management policy and to manage the consultants and in particular, issues arise over the extent of the consultants-contractors responsibility for letting implementation contracts and thus responsibility for “public funds”.  However, such an arrangement may assist cities in developing countries as it may be easier for a city to obtain finance for term consultants than for the staff levels required in-house.

4.6         Role of traffic police

4.6.1.      The role of the traffic police is important.  Historically, traffic management was concerned only with direction of traffic, with accidents and with on-street parking and these functions were mostly carried out by the traffic police.  This still remains the case in some developing cities where traffic management is not well advanced or organized. There are significant differences of  approach traffic management between the traffic police and  traffic planners;

a)  The main objective traffic police is to “keep traffic(particularly cars)  moving” on main routes.  However, as traffic congestion has worsened, as techniques of traffic planning and operations have become more complex, and as traffic management techniques have evolved to make major contributions to transport policy (e.g. through public transport- bus priority), the scope of traffic management has moved beyond the area of competence of the traffic police and beyond their background, skills and training.  Traffic police are not skilled in achieving a balanced approach to traffic movement.  The extreme examples have been demonstrated in cities like Bangkok and Manila where traffic police manage traffic signals manually and although they achieve high traffic volume throughputs, they cause immense delays. Changing this culture has proved difficult particularly where innovative schemes (for the traffic police) are involved; for example, sustained enforcement-success of withflow bus lanes, standard in developed cities, has proved difficult in many developing cities.  Enforcement failure reduces the number of valuable options available to traffic planners;