Urban Transport Strategy. Management in Developing Countries John A Cracknell, страница 22

2.5          Other roles for traffic management

2.5.1.      While the primary and underlying objective of traffic management is to “get the best” from existing systems by improving capacity (in term of people and not vehicles) and quality of the traffic system and alleviating traffic related environmental impacts, traffic management also plays other roles in a well managed city including:

2.5.2.      Support to new road and transport infrastructure development - traffic management can greatly assist in ensuring the efficiency of capital intensive transport infrastructure.  For example, in the public transport sector, metro or LRT systems require good access and interchange with feeder modes and traffic management is needed to provide access facilities for buses, for para-transit, for taxis and for pedestrians – all intending passengers.  In the road sector, traffic management is needed to ensure safe and efficient traffic distribution between urban freeways and the surrounding road network.  These types of traffic management aspects of major projects are often neglected.

2.5.3.      Alleviation of traffic congestion caused by major works – major projects (metros, roads, major utilities etc) are most often located within rights of way of existing main roads. Traffic congestion caused by such works can be both severe and prolonged (for example, the construction of a cut and cover metro may last many years) Good traffic management can do much to alleviate the worst effects of traffic congestion causes by major works. The temporary traffic management needed when major projects are constructed is often neglected in developing cities and while it may be a requirement of the major works contractor to devise such measurers, they are usually given little attention;

2.5.4.      Alleviation of traffic impact of major new developments – rapidly growing cities often have to deal with large scale developments which have a significant traffic impact (shopping centres, office complexes etc).  Traffic management is needed to ensure efficient access and distribution and to alleviate adverse traffic impacts on the surrounding system.  It should be noted that the necessary traffic management works in developed countries are often financed by the developer; capturing this “development gain” should be a policy followed by developing cities (see Chapter 10).

2.6         Traffic engineering and traffic management

2.6.1.      A distinction must be drawn between “traffic engineering” and “traffic management” and this distinction is made throughout this Review.

2.6.2.    “Traffic engineering” is an integral part of “traffic management” but is largely confined

to the application of physical measures to the road network and its junctions, usually to ensure an increase in traffic (as opposed to “person”) capacity or to ensure safe operation.  “Traffic management” embodies a wider concept and is concerned with all aspects of the management of the road based transport system – traffic (cars and commercial vehicles), buses, para-transit, pedestrians and non motorised vehicles. Furthermore, in addition to physical measures to improve the efficiency of the road based transport system, traffic management includes regulatory actions (such as control of parking or enforcement of traffic laws) and policy measures (such as the balance of road space allocation between private and public transport vehicles).  Thus, traffic engineering deals mainly with circulation plans, traffic signals systems and junction improvements but traffic management strategy should deal with the road based transport system as a whole and may include policies and measures for any, or all, of the following:

♦           Traffic circulation;

♦           Public transport (buses) on-street operations;

♦           Management and control of parking and servicing access;

♦           Enforcement of traffic regulations;

♦           Road safety;