Urban Transport Strategy. Management in Developing Countries John A Cracknell, страница 67

7.6         Demand management and poverty

7.6.1.      Chapter 9 describes demand management issues in detail.  However, it would appear that the poverty impact case for demand management, particularly congestion pricing, is strong in many developing cities.  Generally, it the rich who own and drive cars and thus

a)  the direct costs of congestion charging are not borne by the poor;

b)  public transport improvements should be integral parts of a congestion pricing scheme; and

c)  revenues from congestion pricing could be used to improve quantity and quality of public transport.

7.7         World Bank project traffic management components and poverty

7.7.1.      Previous Bank^[29] urban transport policy made little mention of any linkage between poverty reduction and transport.  The view appears to have been taken that transport projects need not be focussed explicitly on poverty reduction since some reduction in poverty will result by increasing economic efficiency through general improvements in the transport system.  As noted above, provided measures are aimed at “people” and not “vehicles”, this is probably the case.

7.7.2.      In principle, most recent Bank projects appear to be generally consistent with this approach and most traffic components investments include some measures for buses, pedestrians and to a lesser extent, NMT.  However, probably more could be one to promote traffic management measures with direct poverty alleviation impacts.  A brief review of some current projects is shown in the following table and this demonstrates that while such measures are included, in the context of each city, they are relatively small in scope.  It is considered that in the context of poverty impact and traffic management, the main Bank roles should be to promote the cases for traffic management for buses-pedestrians and where appropriate NMT and to ensure that the modes are at the forefront of traffic strategy discussions in cities.

7.8         Evaluation of traffic management schemes to include poverty impacts