Urban Transport Strategy. Management in Developing Countries John A Cracknell, страница 119

[19] A detailed description of footway issues and policies is given in Chapter 7 "Traffic Management and Poverty"

[20] Poverty and Transport, C Gannon and Zhi Liu, Transport Division, TWU, World Bank, TWU – 30, Sept

[21] Traffic Management and Road Safety in World Bank Projects in Chinese Cities, A Review, 12 July 1999 (draft), Ms G Frame for the Bank.

[22] Transport in the Urban Environment, Institution of Highways and Transport, UK, 1997

(http@//www.iht.org)

[23] Clearly buses should not be regarded as exclusively for the poor – that would be a great mistake.  Buses are a valid MRT mode and with appropriate physical measures, priority and organization can compete favourably with LRT.  Quality bus services is considered in Chapter .. – Demand Management and in the parallel background paper on “Mass Rapid Transit” (HFA/TTC)

[24] “Walk and Bicycle Travel Characteristics in Indian Cities” Yash Pal Sachdeva (Urban Transport Policy ISBN 90 5410 989 0)

[25] The term “bicycles” is used in this Chapter rather than NMT as the discussion is mainly concerned with personal mobility.

[26] The paper by Yash Pal Sachdeva “Walk and Bicycle Travel Characteristics in Indian Cities” (Urban Transport Policy ISBN 90 5410 989 0) in 1998 showed that cycling represented 20% of trips in medium sized cities and can reach 37% (Nagpur – population 1.77 million).

[27] Traffic Management and Road Safety in World Bank Projects in Chinese Cities, A Review, 12 July 1999 (draft), Ms G Frame for the Bank Table 11.4

[28] Box 3.9, Urban Transport in Asia, An Operational Agenda for the 1990’s, Peter Midgley, Technical Paper 224, 1994, ISSN 0253-7494

[29] The 1986 World Bank Policy Study – Urban Transport, ISBN 0-8213-0755-X

[30] All data sources are Bank draft or final PADs

[31] Assuming new buses are not part of the scheme

[32] Only in the case of Vietnam UTP was the proportion significantly higher as the project has been totally classified as “traffic management”

[33] Traffic Management and Road Safety in World Bank Projects in Chinese Cities, G Frame, 2^nd Draft 12 July 1999

[34] A Brief Review of World Bank Experience in Traffic Management, R Barrett, Dec 1983, Internal Bank Paper

[35] “Transport in the Urban Environment”, Chapter 21, IHT, UK, 1997

[36] “Better Public Transport for Cities”, CIT, UK, June 1996

[37] For example, the reported Japanese experience where it is not permitted to own a vehicle in some cities unless a parking space can be demonstrated.

[38] Consultation Paper on Fighting Congestion through Local Authority Road User Charges and Work Place Parking Levy, Scottish Executive, 2000

[39] Informe Final - Medicion de Tiempos de Viaje Programa de Pico y Placa, PIV Ingenieria Ltda for

Secretaria de Transito y Transporte de Santa Fe de Bogota, FONDATT, Oct 1998

[40] Rationing Can Backfire: The ‘Day Without a Car’ in Mexico City; Gunnar S. Eskeland (Public

Economics Division Policy Research Department The World Bank) and Tarhan Feyzioglu (The World

Bank and Georgetown University), September 8, 1995

[41] A World Bank Policy Study, Urban Transport ISBN-0-8213-0755-X, 1986

[42] Motorization in Singapore, Christopher Willoughby, Draft Bank Document 1/2/00

[43] Peak period charging does exist on toll roads (France, USA etc) but of course presents far fewer operational problems than area wide congestion charging.

[44] These criteria are reproduced in “Congestion Charging Mechanisms for Roads – An Evaluation of Current Practice, Timothy D Hau, Policy Research Working Paper WPS 1071, World Bank 1992” but derive from various previous works including those proposed by Smeed (UK) for London in 1964

[45] "Hearing London's Views" A Discussion Paper on the Mayor's Proposals for Congestion Charging in Central London, GLA, July 2000.

[46] Motorization in Singapore, Christopher Willoughby, Draft Bank Document 1/2/00 (para 50-51)

[47] The Review is not sufficiently familiar with land use control policies in other continents, particularly North America.

[48] Innovative land use and public transport policy, the case of Curitiba, Brazil, Jonas Rabinovitch, Land Use Policy, Vol 13, No 1, 1996

[49] It is understood that Curitiba receives, on average, about 1 technical visit per week from other cities.

[50] Public consultation is proposed for the traffic schemes in the Mumbai UTP and, it is believed, have taken place for some schemes in the Manila project.

[51] Asian Tigers – P Sayeg, Traffic Technology International, UK and International Press, June-July 2000

[52] Traffic Management and Road Safety in World Bank Projects in Chinese Cities, G Frame, 2^nd Draft July

[53] For full description of current busways in developing cities, see parallel paper “Mass Rapid Transit”, HFA/TTC for DfID/World Bank May 2000