Urban Transport Strategy. Management in Developing Countries John A Cracknell, страница 115

§  training – the view is sometimes held by the traffic police that their existing training programs are adequate, there is no need for “ outside interference” and that there are legal, security and institutional constraints (for example, the national status of some traffic police forces) to change (see Chapter 5 – Training and Human Resources)

§  corruption –regrettably, there are examples where traffic police accept illegal pay-offs from offenders of traffic regulation and traffic schemes are brought into disrepute and fail to meet their objectives;

§  equipment procurement – procurement of police equipment has proved problematic due to (i) police unfamiliarity of Banks procurement guidelines, and (ii) the desire of the police to procure specific equipment.

Lessons - Traffic schemes should be designed to minimise enforcement effort and to “design out” the ability and inclination for drivers to commit traffic offences.  Nevertheless, this cannot be fully achieved and traffic schemes will always require traffic police enforcement of regulations for their success.  Many traffic police forces in developing cities are under-equipped, not well trained in traffic management enforcement and nor do they appreciate the role and function of traffic management.  While projects can provide equipment for the traffic police, the most important advances will be obtained through (i) improved and systematic training of traffic police and (ii) review of, and changes if necessary in, working practices to respond to actual traffic conditions and suggestions are made in Chapter 5 to initiate these programs. Additionally, it is noted in Chapter 4 – Institutional Arrangements that while responsibility for traffic management planning, design etc should rest with the “traffic management agency”, traffic police must be involved and the police’s views on practicality and enforcement sought and recognised at all stages of scheme planning and design

Environmental components of traffic management- traffic calming

Rationale and Objectives – Traffic has diverse adverse impacts on the city environment including noise, visual intrusion, emissions/air pollution, accidents, severance of communities and so on.  A comprehensive strategy is needed to reduce these environmental impacts and would include an integrated program comprising:

§  an air quality control program including:

§  monitoring of vehicle emissions to provide the scientific base to plan remedial measures and to assess effectiveness of interventions;

§  vehicle testing-inspection programs to reduce vehicle emissions;

§  vehicle and/or engine substitution programs;

§  fuels programs including clean fuels, substitute fuels, vapour recovery programs; etc

§  Development and adoption of improved vehicle standards, etc

§  a road safety program (discussed in detail in Chapter 6)

§  a comprehensive traffic strategy with clearly defined objectives to improve travel for “people” and to manage demand

Types of Intervention – although not all traffic management measures are implemented for environmental reasons, environmental impacts can result and should be used as part of an objective lead analysis for schemes.  For example, environmental gain can result from schemes which:

§  improve traffic flow (such as traffic signals linking) and thus reduce stop-go traffic operation and reduce fuel consumption;

§  change routeing (e.g. trucks) to less sensitive areas and reduce noise and visual intrusion;

§  assist pedestrians and reduce severance caused by traffic;

§  reduce accidents (see Chapter 6)

§  reduce traffic demand by encouraging public transport and environmentally friendly modes such as walking and cycling)