When using plating vacuum methods there are no restrictions on mutual solubility of depositing material in substrate material that allows to receive various combinations of metal and nonmetallic materials with the prescribed structure.
Vacuum methods are divided to thermal precipitation (electron beam technologies are the widespread) and, so-called, ionic-plasma methods.
The analysis of ionic-plasma methods of film receiving coverings shows, that their development goes in a direction of more and more wide use of ionic dispersion processes with gradual downturn of a working pressure range, increase in plating speeds and voltage reduction on a digit interval of atomizing systems. Change of these parameters in the specified direction is caused, on the one hand, by aspiration to increase productivity of dispersion process, and on the other hand, necessity of film reception with a minimum level of pollution and radiating defects.
Till rather recent time, wide application of processes of ionic dispersion restrained in the low speeds of sedimentation, high voltage presence, and intensive heating of substrates.
Position has essentially changed with the advent of highly effective magnetron atomizing systems (MAS).
Magnetron atomizing systems, having a number of advantages in comparison with electron beam evaporation systems and high-frequency dispersion systems, and also with others atomizing systems, find every year more and more wide application in the most various areas of a science, engineering and industrial production [1]. By means of MAS receive super thin transparent films, necessary for manufacturing liquid crystals, thin films of chrome for precision photo- and X-ray masks, films of aluminium and its alloys, films of the refractory metals, strengthening, wearproof, protective and decorative coverings. The opportunity of refractory metals and alloys dispersion with good preservation of structure at high speeds of sedimentation, small process persistence allow to receive resistive films with stable parameters at manufacturing planar and discrete resistors by means of MAS.
Internal combustion engines belong to the most widespread type of thermal engines, i.e. such engines in which the heat allocated at combustion of fuel, will be transformed to mechanical energy. In internal combustion engines processes of fuel burning, allocation of heat and transformation of its part to mechanical work occur directly inside of the engine. The piston and combined engines, gas turbines and jet engines belong to such engines.
The basic systems of the modern piston and combined internal combustion engines are the following [2]:
- inlet and final systems serve for fresh charge supply (air or gas mixture) in cylinders of the engine and final gases removal from them;
- the fuel system of diesel engines includes units and the separate details providing preparation and submission of fuel in corresponding volume during the certain period of a running cycle in the engine cylinders. In engines with compulsory ignition the system intended for preparation of a gas certain structure mixture and its submission in cylinders in necessary volume, refers to as the power supply system. Thus duly ignition of a working mix in the cylinder is provided with system of ignition;
- the lubricant system includes units and the separate details providing preparation and reliable supply of oil to all rubbing, and also oil cooled details on all power conditions;
- the system of cooling includes units and the separate details providing heat removal from heat-stressed details of the engine, heating up from contact with hot gases or owing to friction, and maintenance of their rational temperature condition on all power conditions;
- the system of start-up includes units and the separate details creating necessary for the engine work beginning cranked shaft rotation frequency in all operational conditions stipulated.
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