Prices and markets. Types of market, страница 11

В этом случае, мы предполагаем, что оригинальная кривая требования - D1D1, так, чтобы цена на равновесие была OP1 и количеством, OQ1 потребован и поставляется. Падение, пользующееся большим спросом теперь, перемещает кривую требования в DD. Непосредственный эффект этого изменения состоит в том, чтобы вызвать излишек по существующей цене, потому что количество, потребованное по цене OP1, является теперь меньше чем поставляемое количество. Этот излишек, который равен более тяжелой секции ценовой линии, вызовет цену вниз. Как ценовые падения, уменьшится поставляемое количество, пока новая цена на равновесие OP не установлена. По этой цене количество, потребованное (ЗАКАЛКА В МАСЛЕ), равно количеству, поставляемому (ЗАКАЛКА В МАСЛЕ).

Ответьте на эти вопросы, основанные на тексте выше:

4.  Как делают Вы понимаете цена на равновесие или рынок.

5.  Что означает термин "изменения спроса"?

6.  Объясните свое понимание “увеличения, пользующегося большим спросом” и “падение, пользующееся большим спросом”.

1.7 Changes in supply

We can use the same kind of reasons as we used to explain the effects of changes in demand, to deal with changes in supply.

Movements along the supply curve are caused by changes in the price of the product when other things do not change. These changes in the quantity supplied are described as extensions or contractions of supply.

Movements of the supply curve are caused by changes in the conditions of supply. Movements of the supply curve represent increases or decreases in supply.

These two kinds of changes are illustrated in Figure 1.6

·  A movement along the supply curve

Figure 1.6(a) shows the effect of a change in the price of the product when other things do not change. An increase in price from OP1 to OP will cause the quantity supplied to increase from OQ1 to OQ (i.e. there will be an extension of supply). A fall in price from OP to OP1 will cause the quantity supplied to fall from OQ to OQ1 (i.e. there will be a contraction of

·  A movement of the supply curve

 Figure 1.6(b) shows the effects of a change in the conditions of supply. This diagram can be used to demonstrate the effects of an increase of a decrease in supply. If we assume that SS is the original supply curve, a movement to S1S1 represents an increase in supply because more is now supplied at each and every price. If we assume that S1S1 is the original supply curve, a movement to SS represents a fall in supply, because less is now supplied at each and every price.

1.7.1 Causes of movements of the supply curve

The changes which cause the supply curve to move must be changes which affect the costs of production. If firms are prepared to supply more at the existing price, some changes must have taken place which have enabled them to produce at lower cost. Alternatively, we can say that firms are now prepared to supply any given quantity at a lower price. Similarly, a fall in supply means that costs of production have increased, because firms now require a higher price in order to persuade them to supply any given quantity.

The more likely causes of movements of the supply curve are set out below.

·  Changes in the prices of the factors of production

The prices paid for labour, land are clearly costs to the firms which employ these factors. If other things do not change, increases or decreases in the prices of the factors of production will affects the firms’ costs and cause the supply curve to move. For example, if wage rates increase and there is no increase in productivity, production costs will increase and the supply curve will move to the left.  A fall in the prices of raw materials will reduce costs and move the supply curve to the right.

·  Technical progress and productivity

Changes in the techniques of production will affect the costs of production. The use of more efficient machinery, better organization of work and the introduction of new technology (e.g. robots) will tend to increase productivity and lower the costs of production. If the productivity of labour rises faster than the wage rates, labour costs will fall.