the setting helps to identify the genre of the story as ... the setting is crucial to the creation of a complete work
the setting is established in the exposition / scattered throughout the whole story
the setting is vital for understanding the message of the story the setting plays a great role in the operation of the story / in conveying the message because ...
the social background / cultural environment / landscape / historical period / geographical location, etc. is the most important element of the setting in the story/ is as important as the characters themselves
the span of time the story covers
the story is set in ...
to construct the world of the story
to create a tragic / dramatic / peaceful / serene / still / undisturbed / tranquil / gloomy / weary / grim / depressing / cheerful / lively / blissful / idyllic, etc. atmosphere
to encourage the reader to ...
to enhance characterization by ...
to express / frame / reflect / parallel the emotional state of the character
to increase the credibility of the characters and events in the story
to individualize a character
to reveal certain features of a character’s personality
7. SUSPENSE / SURPRISE
skilful sustention of suspense
the action in the story is highly suspenseful
the author gives a hint / hints at some future events
the author plays with the reader’s expectations
the author raises certain expectations in the reader
the author relies heavily on suspense
the author shows his ability to keep the reader in suspense
the author skillfully uses the techniques of suspense and surprise in the story
the climax comes as a complete surprise / as a revelation / as a relief, etc.
the complications are arranged along an ascending scale
the plot thickens
the reader is really taken aback / startled / confused / puzzled / bemused / bewildered, etc. by the unexpected turn of events
the suspense in the following lines is created with the help of / by means of ...
the suspense is intensified by ...
the tension builds toward the main conflict
the tension increases / rises as the plot moves on
to anticipate significant events
to awaken / arouse / hold the reader's interest
to create / build up / heighten / increase suspense in the story
to create a sense of anticipation / a feeling of tense excitement
to maintain suspense by withholding information / using coincidence / providing the reader with information that the characters do not have, etc.
to retain/ withhold / hold back information from the reader
to retain interest
8. SYMBOLS
a symbol allowing of a variety of interpretations / defying single interpretation a symbol conveys / represents / indicates the idea / concept / notion of ... a symbolic / suggestive character / action / object / detail, etc. an allegory
an effective / striking / unexpected / powerful / significant / easily conceivable / universal / traditional symbol
the author relies on symbols to intensify the idea
the author uses symbols in unexpected ways
the author’s use of symbols requires (no) elaborate interpretation
the images / objects represent abstract ideas / feelings
the meaning of the symbol changes at this / that point
the story / novel, etc., is heavily marked with symbols
the story has two layers of meaning
the story uses symbols extensively
the symbol has a straightforward meaning
the symbol has different meanings / levels of meaning
to acquire a symbolic meaning in the context of a story / novel, etc.
to be an image of something
to be related to / based on / associated with something
to be rich in implications
to carry positive / negative connotation
to discover / perceive / examine symbols
to provide analogy for something to serve as a sign / reflection of ...
to symbolize / to signify / to suggest / to denote / to embody / to represent / to stand for something
9. TITLE
the title accentuates / emphasizes / strengthens / reinforces the author’s idea that ...
the title allows of different interpretations / can be interpreted in different ways
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