In the develop countries and especially in the United States and in Northern Europe, as far as in 1980 began the development of what is called today the Competitive Intelligence. The basic concept of Competitive Intelligence being to master and understand the information necessary to provide the best possible decision for the development of a company. Many definitions of Competitive Intelligence have been provided by different authors[2]. But, these definitions if they are still accurate today are far more restrictive in the context of the globalization. New definitions such as the definition given by Alain Juillet[3] emphasize the National or Regional development. In the same time report such as the Carrayon’s report in France about Competitive Intelligence was named : Economic Intelligence and national cohesion. This underlines a move from Companies to National Development. The concept of Competitive Intelligence is changing. The impact of the globalization on the National and regional development became so strong that many countries develop various national programs of Competitive Intelligence to provide the necessary background which will enable and comfort the condition of a better development.
The National program of Competitive Intelligence will have as a global goal to strengthen all the national forces in such a way that new relationships will be created between Governmental forces, Education and research centers (publics or privates) and industry. In the same time the strategic information necessary to defend the national positions but also to increase the export potential and the creation of added value products must be mastered. This is summarized in the well know cycle of intelligence, presented in figure 2.
Figure 2 – The intelligence cycle, heart of the Competitive Intelligence process
But, if the Competitive Intelligence is an invaluable tool to change the mental model of people and to focus the national energies towards the national and regional development, Competitive Intelligence must also move from general concepts to applications. This is what we are going to see in the next paragraphs.
The United States have been the crib of Competitive Intelligence with the development not only of the SCIP (Society for Competitive Intelligence Professionals)[4] but of many think tanks such as the RAND Corporation[5]. But, beyond Competitive Intelligence, the United States developed a global system from the Advocacy Center[6], to the Echelon network[7], to the Small Business Act, to the In-Q-Tel initiative[8] from the CIA, to the Home Land Security9. In fact very early all the forces of the Administration have been used to improve the position of the United States Companies in the World. Very early also, the United States understood that an integrated partnership between the Governmental Organizations, the Research (public or private) and the industries will be necessary to maintain a global advantage for the Nation. In this sense, the United States are far more ahead than most of the developed countries because of the integration of multiple actions of various Governmental Institutions.
The other countries also understood the fundamental role of Competitive Intelligence and various orientations have been taken:
The South Korea created its knowledge industrial basis by developing an integrated program of Education and Research to sustain step by step (incremental innovation) the development of various goods and services. Today South Korea which increases its GNP from 50 US$ per capita in 1969 to more than 20,000 US$ in 2000 is a good example to study.
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