(Some tips for post-graduate students)
1. Direct W.O., Predicate in Passive Voice.
e.g. The isotopic effect in crystals is studied.
The radioactive properties of elements are/were studied..
2. Active Voice, subject in the 1st person pl. , or nouns study, investigation, paper, experiment, theory, etc.
e.g. We have considered a series of standard tests.
The paper studies some photochemical characteristics of the substances concerned.
3. Use of verbs with the general similar meaning ‘исследовать, изучать, рассматривать, анализировать’: study, investigate, examine, analyze, consider, etc.
e.g. The cause of the explosion has been investigated.
Several substances were analyzed.
The problem was studied (a study was made of...).
4. Use of verbs with the general similar meaning ‘описывать’: describe, discuss, outline, consider, etc.
e.g. The main principles were discussed.
The nature of changes in the resistance of the substances has been considered.
5. Use of verbs with the general similar meaning ‘получать’: obtain, determine, find, establish, etc.
e.g. Diffusion coefficients were determined.
The existence of two isotopes has been established.
6. Use of adverbs and word combinations to characterize the research: accurately, carefully, thoroughly, in detail.
e.g. The crystalline structure was thoroughly investigated.
The new method is being considered in detail.
7. In case of verbal-nominal structures (a study was made) – use of adjectives: detailed, careful, thorough, extensive, accurate, comprehensive, brief, short, preliminary.
e.g. A thorough study of the phenomenon was made..
Preliminary measurements of many samples have been made.
8. Info on results right after the subject. Use of verbs show, find, conclude, establish.
Use of formal it and infinitive constructions.
e.g. It was found that the illumination changes the impact of ionization threshold.
The phenomenon is established to be the result aminoacids present.
9. To stress some logical importance - use of verbs: pay attention to, emphasize, give emphasis to, place emphasis on, etc and adjective and adverbs: especially, specifically, particularly; special, particular, great, primary, etc.
e.g. Special attention was paid to the phosphorus concentration .
Particular attention is given to the optimal operating conditions.
1. Use of nominal phrases with the preposition at:
at the temperature of, at the pressure of, at the voltage of, at the concentration of, at frequency of, at the speed of, at the wavelength of, at the angle of, at the point of, etc.
2. Use of specific adjectives to state conditions:
Certain, definite, usual, ordinary, given, different, various, similar, variable, stable, moderate, increased, primary, final, etc.
e.g. Infrared absorption has been investigated at different temperatures .
3. Use of definite values to state conditions: at the temperature of about 90ºC, at the pressure of 170 atm., etc.
e.g. The conductivity of a pure sample of MgBr was investigated. The tests were made at the frequency of about 10 Mhz.
4. Use of word combinations with the preposition under: under the influence of, under the action of, under illumination, under (in) vacuum, under control, etc.
5. Use of word combinations to state the ranges or intervals: in (over) the range of, within the range of, within the range from ... to.
e.g. Absorption spectra have been investigated in the 470-20-1 cm range.
1. Use of nouns with the general meanings ‘метод, способ, прием’:method, technique, procedure, approach, trial-and-error procedure, hi-or-miss method, etc. and ‘прибор, средства’: device, equipment, apparatus, instrument, equipment, design, set up, installation, unit, construction, etc.
e.g. A new approach to the nature is presented. This method is applied to the system as a whole.
2. Use of specific adjectives to characterize the methods:
main, chief, basic, principal, general, modern, up-to-date, out-of-date, conventional, reliable, accurate, effective, efficient, inexpensive, alternative, modified, etc.
3. In case of the object of research being more important than the method , the latter is placed at the end of the sentence.
e.g. The state of tin impurity in nickel oxides was studied by Moessbower spectroscopy method.
1. Use of nouns the aim, the object, the purpose, the task .
2. Use of specific adjectives: main, chief, primary, basic, principal, general, etc.
3. Use of the construction be + to Infinitive.
e.g. The primary aim of the study is to test ...
The chief purpose of the investigation is to establish ...
The object of the experiment is to describe ...
1. Use of nouns and verbs: application, use, employ, utilize, be used, find use, find (have) application, be applicable, etc.
e.g. This method has found application in the evaluation of dispersion.
2. Use of specific adjectives: wide, limited, few, different, various, recent, promising, perspective, possible, etc.
e.g. This modified technique can find various applications in the study of different similar compounds.
3. Use of the construction in some field, to Infinitive, for + noun/Gerund, in + Gerund, when + Participle I, if ....
e.g. The method is used in the study of electric discharges.
The method is used to study (when studying, in studying, for studying, for the study of, if a study is made of ) electric discharges.
4. Use of verbs with adjectives to state the effectiveness and applicability of the research: be useful, be of use, be helpful, be suitable, be suited, be convenient, be efficient, be valid, be reliable, etc. and certain adverbs: rather, most, highly, especially, particularly, best (only with suited), etc.
e.g. The technique is rather (most, highly, especially, etc.) useful in evaluating minute admixtures.
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