1. an inventor a) to show publicly for sale, in a competition, etc: ~ paint ing
2. versatile b) opposite of plentiful, rare: a ~ book
3. to exhibit c) a hard alloy of iron and carbon or other elements, used
for knives, tools, machinery
4. scarce d) causing expense; costing a great deal: ~ dress
5. a steel e) to examine, to point out the likeness or relation between
two things; to judge to what extent persons or things are
similar or not similar
6. an iron f) interested in and clever at many different things; having
various uses: a ~ mind (invention)
7. an expensive g) commonest of all metallic elements (symbol Fe), used
in various forms
8. to compare h) a person, who invents things
9. a carbon i ) p.p. of melts; melted (of metals): ~ steel
10. a removal k) non-metallic element (symbol C) that occurs in all living matter, in its pure form as diamonds and graphite
and in impure form in coal and charcoal
11. molten l) to examine, to point out the likeness or relation between
two things; to judge to what extent persons or things are similar or not similar
Exercise 2. Read text and answer the questions:
1. What was the essence of Bessemer's invention?
2. Why was it so desperately needed by the industry?
3. Could you name any of his inventions other than the Bessemer process?
4. Were his inventions accepted or rejected by manufacturers?
5. Do you think his career as an inventor was successful?
Exercise 3. Accept or challenge the statement below. Consult text A if in doubt. You may find the ways how to accept and to challenge in Unit 1, Ex. 2 at page 5.
1. The removal of carbon is essential for the conversion of iron to steel.
2. Bessemer proceeded from experiments with a tilting converter to those with a fixed one.
3. Bessemer was granted a baronet's title by the Queen.
4. He was President of the Royal Society for ten years.
5. In Bessemer's time steel was extremely cheap in England.
6. Henry Bessemer had a high-standard academic education.
7. Bessemer's inventions were not recognized during his life and he died in poverty.
Exercise 4. Focus on the word-building. a) Change the following adjectives into adverbs adding the suffix – ly: essential, scarce, rich, hard, original, different, general, first, pure, poor,easy. Make up 2 or 3 word-combinations using the above mentioned words (both adjectives and adverbs). Example: a high pressure, a high velocity, highly valued, highly developed, highly appreciated.
b) Find out 4 adverbs with the suffix –ly in the text A and use them in your own sentences.
Text B The following text is a description of Bessemer's discovery written by Isaac Asimov, a well-known American scientist and author.
During the Crimean War Bessemer set about devising a form of iron that would be strong enough for high-power cannons. Obviously what was needed was steel, but steel at the time was so expensive that it was virtually a precious metal.
Iron as it came out of the smelting furnaces was "cast iron", rich in carbon. It was exceedingly hard, but brittle. The carbon could be painstakingly removed to form practically pure "wrought iron". This was tough iron (not brittle at all) that could be beaten into any shape, but it was soft.
However, steel, with a carbon content intermediate between wrought iron and cast iron was both hard and tough.
The trouble was that in order to make steel one had to convert cast iron into wrought iron and then add the required carbon.
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