You must be mistaken.
That can't be so.
I'm afraid I can't agree with you
I have to disagree with you.
1. Sir Joseph Whitworth was a son of an ironmaster.
2. It was sir Joseph who pioneered alloy steels, containing manganese, tungsten and titanium for machine tools.
3. In 1841 sir Whitworth suggested the establishment of a uniform system of screw threads.
4. The well-known British inventor Robert Mushet was granted a patent for improving the Bessemer process by adding alloying steels.
5. In 1857 Mr. Robert Mushet was elected for Fellowship of the Royal Society.
6. Mr. Robert Mushet took out more than fifty patents and after that he was made a baronet.
7. Sir. Joseph Whitworth was the only inventor who discovered the value of spiegeleisen in preparing special steel for the machine-tool industry.
Exercise 3. Study the biographical facts about the two well-known British inventors. Make up a story about one of them.
Exercise 4. Imagine yourself in the year of 2020. Try to outline the main stages in your career.
UNIT 2
The Life and the Career of Sir Henry Bessemer, the Great British inven-tor.
Task 1. Phonetic exercise.
Pronounce the following personal and geographical names correctly:
Bessemer ['bes@m@], Siemens ['sÖm@ns], Hertfordshire ['hα:f@dS@], Sheffield ['SefÖld], Pensylvania ["pens@l'veinK@], Kentucky ["ken'tökK], Europe ['ju@r@p], France [frα:ns], Germany [³@:m@nK], Austria ['OstrK@], United States [jü'naitKd 'steits].
Text A
Sir Henry Bessemer was born in 1813 in Hertfordshire; he died in 1899 in London. He was the inventor of Bessemer process for steel manufacture.
Bessemer was an engineer's son. He left school to enter his father's workshop, but at 17 he set up his own small business in London, which produced different metals and alloys. Meanwhile he was improving his general knowledge by spare-time education. Bessemer was a versatile inventor. During this time he also invented machines to work graphite for pencils. At 20, he exhibited at the Royal Acadamy1.
In the middle of the nineteenth century steel was still relatively scarce and expensive compared with iron: in 1850 Britain produced 2.5 million tons of iron, but only 60,000 tons of steel. The removal of carbon from iron is essential for its conversion to steel. What Bessemer found out was that this could be effected simply by blowing a blast of air through the molten metal. His first experiments were carried-out in 1855, using a fixed converter. Later, in 1860, he introduced in his Sheffield steel works a tilting converter which was very much faster in action. It was soon widely used in Europe, being introduced into France (1858), Germany (1862), and Australia (1863). Bessemer steel was first made in the United States in 1864, but under the patent of William Kelly. Apart from the manufacture of weapons, there was soon an enormous demand for Bessemer steel for the world's rapidly developing railway systems.
Bessemer received many honours, including a number from foreign countries. He was elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society2 in 1877, and was knighted3 two years later. He was President of the Iron and Steel Institute of Great Britain in 1870-1871.
(from A biographical dictionary of scientists. Ed. by Trevor I. Williams)
Notes:
1 Royal Academy (of Arts) ['rOK@l @'kæd@mK] ([@v 'α:ts]) – Королевская Академия
искусств. Основана в 1768 г.
2 Refer to note 2 on p. 4.
3 To knight [nait] – присваивать личное дворянское звание рыцаря (за особые заслуги видным политическим деятелям, ученым, артистам и т.д.), перед именем рыцаря ставится титул "сэр" ("sir"), перед фамилией его жены –
"леди" ("Lady").
Task 2 Lexical Exercises
Exercise 1. Match the words on the left with the meanings on the right.
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