Decision making. Types of Managerial Decisions. Identifying the Problem. Types of Problems. Collecting and Analysing the Data, страница 2

But how are alternatives best generated? There are a number of methods for finding solutions: association, analogy, brainstorming, Delphi method, the nominal group method, intuition, analytical thinking.

Analytical Thinking: this thinking method is based on analysis. It is the most conventional and logical of all the methods and follows a step by step pattern.

A) examine each cause of the problem. Then for each cause, based on your direct knowledge and experience, list the solutions that logically would seem to solve the problem.

B) check the possible solutions you arrive at with the research you have compiled on how the problem was solved by others.

5. Sorting Out the Best Solution

1) The alternative — outcome relationship.

Once alternatives have been developed, they must be evaluated and compared. In every decision situation the objective in making a decision is to select the alternative that produces the most favourable outcomes and avoids the least unfavourable outcomes. The alternative outcome relationship is based on three possible conditions:

1.  Certainty. The decision maker has complete knowledge of the outcomes of each alternative.

2.  Risk. The decision maker has some probabilistic estimate of the outcomes of each alternative.

3.  Uncertainty. The decision maker has absolutely no knowledge of the probability of the outcome of each alternative.

6. Implementing the Decision

Developing an Action Plan

Finding the solution does not mean the problem is solved. Decision must be efficiently implemented to achieve the objective for which it was made. It is possible for a good decision to be hurt by poor implementation. In this sense, implementation may be more important than the actual choice of the alternative. Now, you need to design a plan of action. Designing and carrying out the plan of action is equally as important as the solution. The best solution can fail because it is not implemented correctly.

7. Controlling and Evaluation

After the Action Plan has been implemented to solve a problem, management must evaluate its effectiveness. Effective management involves periodic measurements of results. When actual results are compared with planned results (the objective), if deviations exist, changes must be made. Evaluation standards must be determined, feedback channels developed, and monitoring performed, This Step should be done after 3 to 5 weeks and again at about 6 months.

Принятие решений

1.Decision сделать это процесс размышлений и обсуждений, что приводит к де ¬ cision. Решения, на выходе из процесса принятия решений являются средством, с помощью которого менеджер стремится достичь определенного желаемого состояния.Решение сделать это систематический процесс выявления и решения проблем, задать вопросы и найти ответы. Решения, как правило, производится в условиях неопределенности.

2. Виды управленческих решений

Когда частности проблема возникает часто, менеджерам развивать обычные процедуры для решения его. Таким образом запрограммированные решения имеют повторяющиеся и обычные решения, руководители большинства организаций сталкиваются с большим числом программных решений, в своей повседневной деятельности.Такое разделение должно быть сделано без излишних затрат времени и сил на них.