The industry of Belarus. Development of the factory industry was considerably accelerated. Reforms of 1861 industrial growth were slowed down

Учреждение образования

«Белорусский торгово-экономический

Университет потребительской кооперации»

Кафедра иностранных языков

Управляемая самостоятельная работа

Реферат на тему:

«Промышленность Беларуси»

(«The industry of Belarus »)

Выполнил:

Студент гр.С- 11

Проверила:

Гомель 2011

Крупнейшие производственные предприятия и объединения специализируются на производстве калийных, азотных и фосфорных удобрений (ПО "Беларуськалий", "Азот", Гомельский химический завод), химических волокон и нитей (могилевское, гродненское, светлогорское производственные объединения "Химволокно"), полиэтилена высокого давления, акриловых волокон и продуктов органического синтеза (ПО "Полимер"), шин для грузовых, легковых и сельскохозяйственных машин (Белорусский шинный комбинат), которые производят 82,6 % продукции всей химической и нефтехимической промышленности. В страны дальнего зарубежья экспортируется более 60 % калийных удобрений, химических волокон и нитей. Значительное место в структуре экономики Беларуси занимает легкая промышленность.

In 60 - 90th of ХIХв. The industry of Belarus has kept the specialisation

On processing mainly local mineral, flatter and

Agricultural raw materials Throughout first two decades after

Reforms of 1861 industrial growth were slowed down. Still on all

To indicators the small-scale production and a manufactory prevailed. In 80-90th

Development of the factory industry was considerably accelerated

Belarus, however together with factories and factories continued to grow small and

Manufactory manufacture. For last decade last century

The mid-annual gain of an industrial output averaged 8,2 %, that

Twice more than for №) previous years.

In 1860 in Belarus was 29 thousand craft workshops 7,8

Thousand nonmechanized small enterprises (with quantity of workers to 16

The person), 140 manufactories and 76 factories and factories. The most part of the craft

Manufactures of Belarus was koncentraishan in cities and places. For

Four пореформенных decades was the increase in its volume that was

It is caused first of all by demand of peasants backward and city

The population on subjects of daily consumption and service with which could not

To provide factories. Fast rates new kinds of craft developed Chemical, threw - and деревообрабатывающие, etc. In the end of ХIХ century

Was more than 50 thousand craft workshops, however their share in general

Industrial output has decreased for пореформенный period with 18,7

To 9,0 %. Usually masterful remeslenikov were small. In them worked

Owners with 2-3 hired workers, instead of it is rare and without them.

Small-scale production in the form of simple cooperation, in which in conditions

Developments of monetary relations were outgrown by craft, in 1860г. Made 9 % from

Total of the enterprises and 62 % of industrial production. However in

Communications with intensive increase manufactory - a manufacturing

Relative density of the small has decreased to 28,2 % in the end of ХIХ century

In second half ХIХ century was marked considerable growth manufactory

Manufactures. Its relative density during this period increase on volume

Manufactures with 7,2 to 15,1 % on quantity of the enterprises with 0,2 to 0,7 % in 1890

In Belarus 760 manufactories, including 193 worked

деревообрабатывающие, 185 silicate, 166 пищевкусовых, etc. Manufactories

Have put in pawn bases of growth of the factory industry, proletariat formation

And bourgeoisies.

Mechanical production in second half 19в. Developed most

Intensively. The quantity of factories and factories has increased in Belarus with 1860г. In

15 times also have made in the end 19в.1137. The manufacture volume on them has grown in 37

Time, quantity of workers - in 9раз. New factories have started to work: the match

And Borisov (1881) and Pinsk (1882), tobacco in Grodno (1862)

Paper in Добруше (1871), etc. In the end of ХIХ century notable becomes

Influence of the foreign capital, especially Prussian, on economy Grodno

Provinces. Rates of growth of volume of manufacture and quantity of the occupied hired

Workers in the manufactory and machine industry in 4-7 times exceeded

Respective indicators in the small.

Reforms of 60-90th years have considerably improved political and legal

Conditions for development of productive forces and capitalist relations.

Other indispensable condition of reorganisation of a national economy on the market

Relations there was a creation of a corresponding infrastructure - a complex

Economy ancillary industries (highway and railways,).

Railway building has begun in Belarus still at I. 1

November, 1862 movement by rail from Petersburg has been opened in

Vorshava.

In 60th years railway building was accelerated. Widely

The private capital, including foreign was involved. The centre

To railway system there was Moscow. Special value had building

Roads from Moscow to Brest

Serfdom cancellation has caused short hitch in the industrial

Country development. Many branches, first of all metallurgical, should

To pass from forced labour to the civilian. But soon the industrial

Development has gone on the ascending. In the mid-sixties in Belarus it was observed

Business lifting.

The most considerable successes these years has reached the textile

Manufacture which then was leading branch the Byelorussian

The industries. For 20 пореформенных years consumption of cotton fabrics

Per capita in Belarus has doubled. This growth has been reached for the account

Replacement of homespun linen fabrics.

Considerable growth was observed in the food-processing industry, especially in

The sugar. Среднедушевое sugar consumption for the same years also has doubled

(To 2-uh kg a year in the early eighties). Sugar export has begun.

The national economy of Belarus gradually closed from the world

Economy, started to test fluctuations of its conjuncture. In 1873

Belorusian for the first time has mentioned world industrial crisis.

In the first пореформенное the 20 anniversary the cores were definitively generated

Industrial regions of Belarus

The textile industry prevailed.

Словарь

national  - национальный

industry  - промышленность

economy - экономика

gradually - постепенно

capital - капитал

relations - отношения

railway - железная дорога

developments - события

monetary - денежно-кредитный

communications - коммуникации

increase - увеличение

manufactory - предприятие

agricultural - сельскохозяйственный

materials - материалы

production - производство

continued - длительный