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5. The theme of the story implies the problem which the writer raises. His view and attitude to the problem is revealed in the way he develops the theme of the story. The most important idea that the author expresses in the process of developing the theme is the message of the story. The theme is therefore organically connected with the author’s message. The message can be expressed indirectly. We way reveal the message of a literary work trough the analysis of the implications. Implication may be conveyed by contrast, parallelism, repetition, symbols, arrangements of plot structure.
6. In fiction the representation of the reality is always a subjective reflection, which is affected by the author’s view of the world, his outlook, his personal attitude to it. That is why in fiction the representation of reality can never be entirely neutral. In every literary work the writer’s feelings and emotions are reflected in the tone, attitude and atmosphere (mood).
Atmosphere is ageneral mood of a literary work. Mood is the dominant impression the story makes on you. It can be gloomy, sad, optimistic, pathetic, melancholy, lively, cheerful and so on. Mood may be revealed through the choice of words, figures of speech, dialogues, monologues, short or long sentences and even phonetic devices, such as alliteration or others.
The author’s attitude is his view of the characters and actions. It reflects his judgement of them. The reader is expected to share the author’s attitude.
The attitude of a writer to his subject matter determines the tone of the story. The tone is the light in which the characters and events are depicted. Tone helps us to understand if the writer takes the subject matter seriously, comically, bitterly, humorously, ironically, etc. Tone also expresses the relationship between the author (the narrator) and the reader. Thus, the tone may be casual, familiar, impolite, defiant, offensive, sarcastic, ironical, sneering or bitter.
6. Tone in oral speech is primarily conveyed by modulations of the voice pitch, whereas in written speech the tone is mainly conveyed by emotionally coloured words.
The English language has its own system of expressive means – words and phrases which help to add vividness to the description and with the help of it to touch the reader’s imagination. These words and phrases are used figuratively (metaphorically).
7. Style of language
a) When a writer resorts to the language of everyday life, neither rich nor refined, and which is especially typical of dialogues, we call this style colloquial (informal).
b) When a writer resorts to the language which is not widely used in everyday life and is not typical of spoken English because it is “too correct” we call this style bookish (or formal, official).
c) When there are many scientific words terms in a story we speak about scientific style.
d) When there are words typical of this or that profession we speak about professional words in a story.
We can also name newspaper, publicistic and religious styles. Though there are quite often no strict borders between styles. (e.g. science-fiction style).
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II. The Plan for Rendering the Story
Helpful Language Reference
To make you talk on stories more colourful you may benefit from the following words and phrases:
1. The story under discussion deals with …
2. The setting of the story dates back to (the time) …
3. The events described in the story throw light upon …
4. The author resorts to ...
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