ObjectLogic Reference Guide. Transitivity of subclass relationship. Query Options. Geographic Coordinates

ObjectLogic Reference Guide

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Table of Content

Taxonomy................................................................................................................................................5

Query................................................................................................................................................6

Transitivity of subclass relationship................................................................................................................................................7

Query Options................................................................................................................................................8

Property................................................................................................................................................11

Attribute................................................................................................................................................12

Data types................................................................................................................................................13

Custom datatypes..........................................................................................................................................................................................13

Geographic Coordinates..........................................................................................................................................................................................14

Relations................................................................................................................................................15

Individuals................................................................................................................................................16

Property values................................................................................................................................................17

Rules................................................................................................................................................18

Predicates................................................................................................................................................19

Namespaces................................................................................................................................................20

Paths................................................................................................................................................21

Modules................................................................................................................................................22

Expressions................................................................................................................................................23

Constraints................................................................................................................................................25

Annotations................................................................................................................................................26

Annotations for ObjectLogic Module..........................................................................................................................................................................................26

Terms................................................................................................................................................27

Constants..........................................................................................................................................................................................27

String .......................................................................................................................................................................27

IRI .......................................................................................................................................................................28

Double .......................................................................................................................................................................29

Int .......................................................................................................................................................................29

Long .......................................................................................................................................................................30

Integer .......................................................................................................................................................................30

Decimal .......................................................................................................................................................................30

Date .......................................................................................................................................................................31

Time .......................................................................................................................................................................32

DateTime .......................................................................................................................................................................33

Duration .......................................................................................................................................................................34

Boolean .......................................................................................................................................................................35

Plain Literal .......................................................................................................................................................................35

XMLLiteral .......................................................................................................................................................................36

Variables..........................................................................................................................................................................................36

Functions..........................................................................................................................................................................................36 Lists..........................................................................................................................................................................................37 map data type..........................................................................................................................................................................................37 Null value..........................................................................................................................................................................................42

Blank nodes..........................................................................................................................................................................................42

Current module..........................................................................................................................................................................................42

About this document

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Taxonomy

1  Taxonomy

Syntax

<concept A> :: <concept B>.

Semantic

<concept A> is a subconcept of <concept B>

Sample

person[]. man::person. woman::person.

Query

2  Query

?- ?X[].

delivers only a result for explicitly defined concepts (e.g. person[].).

?- _concepts(?X).

delivers all concepts known in the ontologie.

Transitivity of subclass relationship

3  Transitivity of subclass relationship

?- ?X::?Y.

delivers all subconcepts ?Y of concept ?X – not only the asserted ones, but also the subconcepts of the subconcepts and so on

This means that if

C1::C2 and C2::C3 then also C1::C3 holds.

4  Query Options

Definition:

Query options control the execution and output of a query.

Syntactically query options are provided as annotations to the query. Annotations are written in front of the query with the syntax @{<queryName>,options[<option1>,<option2>]}. Query without id and options:  ?- ?X::?Y.

Query with id "subconcepts":  @{subconcepts} ?- ?X::?Y.

Query with options "inferOff" and "profile":  @{options[inferOff,profile]} ?- ?X::?Y.

Query Option	Description	Example
sort	Sorts of the result of a query.	@{q1, options[sort(asc(?X),desc(?Y)]} ?- ?X::? Y.
		This example will sort the query results in the ascending order of bindings for ?X and in descending order of bindings for ?Y. It is also possible to write:
		@{q1, options[sort(?X,desc(?Y)]} ?- ?X::?Y.
		The ?X will be be interpreted as asc(?X), so you can just leave out the asc(..).
outorder	Sequence and restriction of the result variables (output ordering). Specifies the sequence of the output variables.	With the facts
		Man::Person. Woman::Person.
		the output of the query
		@{q1, options[outorder(?X,?Y)]} ?- ?X::?Y.
		will be
		Man,Person Woman,Person
		With
		@{q1, options[outorder(?Y,?X)]} ?- ?X::?Y.
		the output will be
		Person,Man Person,Woman
		The "outorder" option can also be used for skipping some variable bindings in the result: with
		@{q1, options[outorder(?X)]} ?- ?X::?Y.
		the output will be
		Man Woman
limit	Limits the number of answers.	@{q1, options[limit(1),outorder(?Y,?X)]} ?- ? X::?Y.
		In this example, only one answer will be given. Note that limiting the number of answers does not necessarily mean that the performance will improve.
offset	Answer offset. Skips some answers.	@{q1, options[offset(10),limit(5),sort(?Y,?Y), outorder(?Y,?X)]} ?- ?X::?Y.
		In this example five answers will be given, starting with answers then. Using offset only makes sense if the answer order is specified. Otherwise it is not assured that the answers are returned in the same order.

skipSendingAnswe rs	Skip sending answers. You can execute a query without receiving the results. This can be useful for benchmarking, if the time for sending the answers to the client complicates time measurements.	@{q1, options[skipSendingAnswers]} ?- ?X::?Y.
trace	Tracing. OntoBroker will log trace information about the query execution	@{q1, options[trace]} ?- ?X::?Y.
profile	Profiling. Enables the logging of the performance characteristics.	@{q1, options[profile]} ?- ?X::?Y.
profileAll	Profiling. Enables the logging of the performance characteristics; executes the query with full profiling (including execution plans etc.).	@{q1, options[profileAll]} ?- ?X::?Y.
inferOff	Turning off inferencing. You may tell OntoBroker not to do inferencing for query answering. This will prohibit the evaluation of all rules and you will only get the given facts matching your query.	@{q1, options[inferOff]} ?- ?X::?Y.
userRulesOff	Turning off user rules. You may tell the OntoBroker to disable all user rules, i.e. all rules explicitly defined in any module. Internal axiom rules (like e.g. subclass and property hierarchy) are not influenced by this option.	@{q1, options[userRulesOff]} ?- ?X::?Y.
ignoreImports	Turning off imports. If module A imports module B, all facts of B are included on querying facts from module A. Using the "ignoreImports" query option you can query for facts only stored explicitly in module A.	Module A
		:- module A. :- importmodule B. John:person.
		Module B
		:- module B. Ann:person.
		@{q1} ?- ?X:person@A.  // returns John and Ann

		@{q1,options[ignoreImports]} ?- ?X: person@A.  // returns only John
fillNull	Working with null values. If a property is not set in ObjectLogic, it is just not there, i.e. querying for the property value returns no result. Under some circumstances, it is useful to get null values in these