ObjectLogic Reference
Guide
ontoprise GmbH
An der Raumfabrik 33a
76227 Karlsruhe Germany http://www.ontoprise.com
Taxonomy................................................................................................................................................5
Query................................................................................................................................................6
Transitivity of subclass relationship................................................................................................................................................7
Query Options................................................................................................................................................8
Property................................................................................................................................................11
Attribute................................................................................................................................................12
Data types................................................................................................................................................13
Custom datatypes..........................................................................................................................................................................................13
Geographic Coordinates..........................................................................................................................................................................................14
Relations................................................................................................................................................15
Individuals................................................................................................................................................16
Property values................................................................................................................................................17
Rules................................................................................................................................................18
Predicates................................................................................................................................................19
Namespaces................................................................................................................................................20
Paths................................................................................................................................................21
Modules................................................................................................................................................22
Expressions................................................................................................................................................23
Constraints................................................................................................................................................25
Annotations................................................................................................................................................26
Annotations for ObjectLogic Module..........................................................................................................................................................................................26
Terms................................................................................................................................................27
Constants..........................................................................................................................................................................................27
String .......................................................................................................................................................................27
IRI .......................................................................................................................................................................28
Double .......................................................................................................................................................................29
Int .......................................................................................................................................................................29
Long .......................................................................................................................................................................30
Integer .......................................................................................................................................................................30
Decimal .......................................................................................................................................................................30
Date .......................................................................................................................................................................31
Time .......................................................................................................................................................................32
DateTime .......................................................................................................................................................................33
Duration .......................................................................................................................................................................34
Boolean .......................................................................................................................................................................35
Plain Literal .......................................................................................................................................................................35
XMLLiteral .......................................................................................................................................................................36
Variables..........................................................................................................................................................................................36
Functions..........................................................................................................................................................................................36 Lists..........................................................................................................................................................................................37 map data type..........................................................................................................................................................................................37 Null value..........................................................................................................................................................................................42
Blank nodes..........................................................................................................................................................................................42
Current
module..........................................................................................................................................................................................42
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Taxonomy
Syntax
<concept A> :: <concept B>.
Semantic
<concept A> is a subconcept of <concept B>
person[].
man::person. woman::person.
Query
?- ?X[].
delivers only a result for explicitly defined concepts (e.g. person[].).
?- _concepts(?X).
delivers
all concepts known in the ontologie.
Transitivity of subclass relationship
?- ?X::?Y.
delivers all subconcepts ?Y of concept ?X – not only the asserted ones, but also the subconcepts of the subconcepts and so on
This means that if
C1::C2 and C2::C3 then also C1::C3 holds.
Definition:
Query options control the execution and output of a query.
Syntactically query
options are provided as annotations to the query. Annotations are written in
front of the query with the syntax @{<queryName>,options[<option1>,<option2>]}. Query without id and options: ?- ?X::?Y.
Query with id "subconcepts": @{subconcepts} ?- ?X::?Y.
Query with options "inferOff" and "profile": @{options[inferOff,profile]} ?- ?X::?Y.
|
Query Option |
Description |
Example |
|
sort |
Sorts of the result of a query. |
@{q1, options[sort(asc(?X),desc(?Y)]} ?- ?X::? Y. |
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This example will sort the query results in the ascending order of bindings for ?X and in descending order of bindings for ?Y. It is also possible to write: |
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@{q1, options[sort(?X,desc(?Y)]} ?- ?X::?Y. |
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The ?X will be be interpreted as asc(?X), so you can just leave out the asc(..). |
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outorder |
Sequence and restriction of the result variables (output ordering). Specifies the sequence of the output variables. |
With the facts |
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Man::Person. Woman::Person. |
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the output of the query |
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@{q1, options[outorder(?X,?Y)]} ?- ?X::?Y. |
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will be |
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Man,Person Woman,Person |
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With |
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@{q1, options[outorder(?Y,?X)]} ?- ?X::?Y. |
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the output will be |
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Person,Man Person,Woman |
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The "outorder" option can also be used for skipping some variable bindings in the result: with |
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@{q1, options[outorder(?X)]} ?- ?X::?Y. |
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the output will be |
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Man Woman |
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limit |
Limits the number of answers. |
@{q1, options[limit(1),outorder(?Y,?X)]} ?- ? X::?Y. |
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In this example, only one answer will be given. Note that limiting the number of answers does not necessarily mean that the performance will improve. |
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offset |
Answer offset. Skips some answers. |
@{q1, options[offset(10),limit(5),sort(?Y,?Y), outorder(?Y,?X)]} ?- ?X::?Y. |
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In this example five answers will be given, starting with answers then. Using offset only makes sense if the answer order is specified. Otherwise it is not assured that the answers are returned in the same order. |
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skipSendingAnswe rs |
Skip sending answers. You can execute a query without receiving the results. This can be useful for benchmarking, if the time for sending the answers to the client complicates time measurements. |
@{q1, options[skipSendingAnswers]} ?- ?X::?Y. |
|
trace |
Tracing. OntoBroker will log trace information about the query execution |
@{q1, options[trace]} ?- ?X::?Y. |
|
profile |
Profiling. Enables the logging of the performance characteristics. |
@{q1, options[profile]} ?- ?X::?Y. |
|
profileAll |
Profiling. Enables the logging of the performance characteristics; executes the query with full profiling (including execution plans etc.). |
@{q1, options[profileAll]} ?- ?X::?Y. |
|
inferOff |
Turning off inferencing. You may tell OntoBroker not to do inferencing for query answering. This will prohibit the evaluation of all rules and you will only get the given facts matching your query. |
@{q1, options[inferOff]} ?- ?X::?Y. |
|
userRulesOff |
Turning off user rules. You may tell the OntoBroker to disable all user rules, i.e. all rules explicitly defined in any module. Internal axiom rules (like e.g. subclass and property hierarchy) are not influenced by this option. |
@{q1, options[userRulesOff]} ?- ?X::?Y. |
|
ignoreImports |
Turning off imports. If module A imports module B, all facts of B are included on querying facts from module A. Using the "ignoreImports" query option you can query for facts only stored explicitly in module A. |
Module A |
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:- module A. :- importmodule B. John:person. |
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Module B |
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:- module B. Ann:person. |
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@{q1} ?- ?X:person@A. // returns John and Ann |
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@{q1,options[ignoreImports]} ?- ?X: person@A. // returns only John |
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fillNull |
Working with null values. If a property is not set in ObjectLogic, it is just not there, i.e. querying for the property value returns no result. Under some circumstances, it is useful to get null values in these |
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