Приложение к билету для экзамена по сдаче кандидатского минимума. Crude steel production

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ

ГОМЕЛЬСКИЙ ПОЛИТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ им.П.О.СУХОГО

Кафедра белорусского и иностранного языков.

Приложение к билету для экзамена по сдаче кандидатского минимума.

английский язык

Вопрос 2. Просмотрововое чтение оригинального текста по специальности аспиранта (соискателя) и передача его содержимого на английском языке (1200-1500 печ. знаков).

Шифр: 05.16.04.

Crude steel production.

In 1987, approximately 55% of the world's crude steel output were produced in converters and 26.5% in electric arc furnaces. The still large share of almost 18% of the open-hearth steel - mainly produced in Eastern block countries - will continue to shrink in favour of electric and oxygen steelmaking.

The major part of scrap available worldwide is processed in electric steelworks. Due to differences in energy costs and scrap availability, the significance of electric steelmaking varies regionally. In Germany its share has levelled off at a little under 20%. A wide range of products are made in the electric arc furnace, comprising simple basic types, low-alloy high-grade structural steels and plate. In the production of corrosion, acid and heat-resistant steels it is only used for melting purposes. The trace element content of the scrap sets limits to the use of scrap in the production of steels for severe cold forming.

Productivity and cost-effectiveness of the electric arc furnace have been markedly improved in the past few years. Among the numerous individual measures range the following:

- increase of the electric capacity installed,

- use of oxygen and additional fuels,

- water-cooled furnace components replacing refractory linings,

- development of bottom stirring and working below foamed slag,

- heat recovery from water cooling systems and flue gas,

- scrap preheating, as well as

- slag-free tapping.

These measures have considerably reduced the consumption of electric energy and electrodes as well as refractory costs and tap-to-tap times.

The electric arc furnace is a high-technology melting machine which has been relieved of metallurgical functions by  the subsequent secondary metallurgical steps. The ladle furnace was able to acquire a firm position in this process route at a very early stage. Notable cost reduction, metallurgical improvement of the heats and its buffer function between furnace and continuous caster feature among its contributions to process optimisation.

Ст. преподаватель___________________________Л.А.Хилькевич

Одобрено на заседании

кафедры 15.05.98

протокол №10