Participle I is a non-finite form of the verb with some adjectival and adverbial features. It is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb

CONTENTS

1.  PARTICIPLE I  …………………………………………………………………… 2

2.  PARTICIPLE II  …………………………………………………………………..  5

3.  FUNCTIONS      …………………………………………………………………..  7

4.  PREDICATIVE   ………………………………………………………………….   8

5.  ATTRIBUTE   …………………………………………………………………….  10

6.  OBJECT    …………………………………………………………………………  21

7.  ADVERBIAL MODIFIER  ……………………………………………………….  28

8.  PARENTHESIS  …………………………………………………………………..  40

9.  THE NOMINANAT1VE ABSOLUTE  PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTIONS  ….  44

10. SUPPLEMENT  …………………………………………………………………… 46

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY   ………………………………………………………………..  52

PARTICIPLE I

Participle I is a non-finite form of the verb with some adjectival and adverbial features. It is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb.

Participle I has a double nature: it combines the features of the verb and the adjective or adverb.

The verbal character of participle I is of two kinds:

a)  Morphological: Like a verb it has categories of voice and correlation (perfect)

taking/being taken;

taking/having taken

b)  Syntactical It possesses the verb combinability.

-  It may combine with a noun or a pronoun as direct, indirect or prepositional object.

-  It may also combine with an adverb or a prepositional phrase as an adverbial modifier (can be modified by an adverb), or with a noun or adjective as a predicative.

Seeing Jane, I rushed to greet her.(object)

Rising early, you'll make your days longer. (adverb)

Participle I is used as a pure verb form in the formation of the continuous aspect.

The adjectival and adverbial features of participle I are manifested in its syntactical functions as

a)  an attribute

He saw a boy playing in the yard.

b)  an adverbial modifier.

Having cured his patient of a serious disease, the doctor was happy.

There are even some deverbal adjectives that have completely lost their verbal meaning, for example interesting, charming.

When they lose their verbal character, participles may be modified by adverbs of degree used with adjectives, such as very', so, too, as

in very (greatly, exceedingly, etc.) amusing, too boring, most exciting.

FORMS OF PARTICIPLE I

The category of correlation in participle finds its expression in the contrast of the non-perfect and perfect forms.

The non-perfect form suggests that the action denoted by participle I is simultaneous with that of the finite verb.

The perfect form of participle I indicates that the action denoted by the participle is prior to that denoted by the finite verb. (*Participle I Indefinite Active is also used to express prior actions with some verbs. See later)

PRACTICE

Ex. 1 Study the forms of Participle I and the way they are rendered in Russian.

* Participle I, non-perfect form, may denote an action simultaneous to that expressed by the finite form of the verb (№ 1), closely preceding it (№ 2) and following it (№ 3).

** Participle I, perfect form, passive, is rather uncommon.

Ex.2 State the form of Participle I. Translate the sentences.

a) 1.Alex was by a window, looking out at the city’s lights, when Marget returned. 2. His cough had slackened but his nose was still running. Otherwise he did not grumble, he lay there being read to, at times apathetic. 3. Having eaten cold beef, pickled walnut, gooseberry tart, they walked into the park. 4. He was not very good at gardening, having been brought up with a back