analyses various facts of the language (grammatical categories, the mechanism of utterance formation out of words in the process of speech-making); |
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3. Syntax
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c) is coexistence of lingual elements, representation of the language at a definite stage of historical development; |
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4. Synchrony
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d) deals with the external functions of words and their relationship to other words within the linearly ordered units; |
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5. Diachrony
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e) deals with different time-periods in the development of lingual elements as well as language as a whole. |
7. The aim of theoretical grammar is … .
a) to describe grammar rules that are necessary to understand and make sentences;
b) to analyze semantic structure of words and paradigmatic relations within vocabulary;
c) to describe and analyze the grammatical system of a language;
d) to describe the means of word formation and word-building patterns.
8. Each period in English Grammar studies can be described as follows:
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1. Prescriptive Grammar |
a) is the objective study of a language structure, without reference to meaning and other languages which relies heavily on formal methods of analysis. |
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2. Classical Scientific Grammar |
b) focuses on the communicative, as opposed to cognitive, aspect of language and views grammar as a means to realize the three major language metafunctions. |
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3. Structuralism |
c) is characterized by patterning after Latin and by the use of logic and subjective opinion in classifying words and in establishing grammatical categories. |
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4. Transformational-generative grammar |
d) studies possible sentences, i.e. the speaker’s-hearer’s knowledge of a language (competence); it aims at a system of formal mathematically precise rules that generates grammatical sentences of the language and assigns to each sentence a structural description. |
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5. Systemic functional grammar |
e) focuses on actual usage without assessing its correctness and analyses the English of the best contemporary authors. |
9. Proper correlation of the approaches to classify words into parts of speech and their main ideas:
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1. Semantic approach |
a) reveals paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features. |
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2. Functional approach |
b) is based on the similarity of lexical meaning. |
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3. Formal approach |
c) concerns the syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability. |
10. “The combining power of words in relation to other words in syntactically subordinate positions” is called ……… .
11. The major tense-distinction in English, according to modern morphological theory, is … .
a. described only as an opposition of past::present::future
b. is best regarded as a contrast of past::non-past
c. best regarded as a contrast of present::non-present
d. is described as an opposition of past::future
12. Correlation between the grammarians and their approaches to the case system in English:
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1. G. Vorontsova, B.Ilyish |
a) the theory of limited cases, which recognizes a two-case system in English; |
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2. H.Sweet, O.Jespersen, |
b) the theory of ‘null’ case, which argues that English has completely lost the category of case; |
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3. Max Deutschbein
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c) the theory of prepositional cases, which treats prepositional constructions as analytic cases; |
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4. M. Blokh |
d) the theory of positional cases, which identifies the syntactic position, or function, with case. |
13. The grammatical frameworks known as … accounts for communicative aspects of language use.
a) Structural grammar;
b) Transformational-generative grammar;
c) Systemic functional grammar;
d) Generative semantics.
14. The Prague school mostly developed … approach in linguistics.
a) transformational;
b) stratificational;
c) structural;
d) functional;
15. Charles Fries introduced … .
a) parts of speech and function words
b) four major classes of words and fifteen form-classes
c) declinable and indeclinable parts of speech
d) notional and functional parts of speech
16. Suppletivity is a … .
a) grammatical phenomenon realized in a variety of equivalent grammatical forms for one word;
b) type of building analytical wordforms;
c) synthetic means of form-building ;
d) productive means of form-building;
e) replacive morpheme.
17. In members of … parts of speech the grammatical meaning dominates over the lexical one.
18. Within the oppositional theory the absolute singular
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